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Atoms can change their properties by accepting or emitting electrons. This process is known as an atomic electron transition1. Here’s how it works:

Accepting Electrons: When an atom accepts an electron, it gains a negative charge and becomes an anion. This changes the atom’s chemical properties, as it now has more electrons than protons.

Emitting Electrons: Conversely, when an atom emits an electron, it loses a negative charge and becomes a cation. This also alters the atom’s properties due to the change in the balance between protons and electrons.

However, some atoms are more likely to accept or emit electrons than others. This tendency is influenced by the atom’s electron configuration and its position on the periodic table. For example, noble gases like neon and argon are very stable and rarely form compounds because they have a full valence shell, making them less likely to accept or emit electrons. On the other hand, alkali metals and halogens readily undergo such changes due to their electron configurations, which are just one electron away from being complete or empty23.

These changes in electron configuration are fundamental to chemical reactions and determine how atoms interact with each other to form molecules and compounds2.

1 en.wikipedia.org

2 chem.libretexts.org